Disclaimer and copyright

1. Who publishes this site

PRODEFENCE S.R.L., tax identification number 41287321, registered with the trade register under no. J2019002196228, with its registered office at 38D Morilor St., Pașcani, Iași County, Romania. Contact: [email protected], +40 763 204 739.

Associated project, with its own documents: cyberaid.eu – free cybersecurity education platform.

2. Purpose of the material published

The material on this site is informative, educational and applied-research in nature. It covers malware analysis, penetration testing, electronic fraud analysis, NIS2 compliance and cybersecurity education. Its role is to help you understand a phenomenon, not to replace an assessment of your own situation.

3. What this material is not

The published content represents professional opinion formed on the basis of information publicly available at the time of writing. It is not advice for a specific case, it does not replace an audit, a technical expert report or a legal opinion, and it creates no contractual relationship between you and ProDefence. Decisions taken on the basis of this material remain your responsibility. For concrete situations, contact us: analysing a real case is done under contract, with access to data and with accountability for the outcome.

4. No warranty as to accuracy

Information is provided “as is”. Cybersecurity moves fast: a technique described today may be obsolete tomorrow, and an indicator valid at publication may in time become a legitimate resource. We make reasonable efforts to keep content correct and current, but we do not warrant its accuracy, completeness or timeliness, and we are not liable for direct, indirect or consequential loss arising from the use of what is published here.

5. Technical and investigative content

Some articles describe attack techniques, code samples, web addresses, IP addresses and other indicators of compromise. This content is published for defensive purposes only – to identify, block and understand attacks – and must be treated accordingly:

• Do not visit the addresses and do not run the code that appears in analyses. They are reproduced for identification, not for use; many of those pages are compromised, cloned or live.
• Distinguish between the two kinds of content. An educational article shows you how to protect yourself. An incident analysis shows you what the attack looks like. The context is stated at the start of each item.
• Using this information to test systems you do not own or are not authorised in writing to test is illegal and carries criminal liability under Articles 360–366 of the Romanian Criminal Code. Publishing these analyses is neither encouragement nor authorisation.
• Victims’ data is anonymised before publication. How we handle personal data appearing in analyses, and how its removal can be requested, is described in section 9 of the privacy policy.

6. Copyright

The texts, analyses, guides, graphics, diagrams and structure of this site are protected under Romanian Law no. 8/1996 on copyright and related rights and belong to PRODEFENCE S.R.L. or to the authors named in each item.

What you may do without asking us

• Quote short extracts for information, criticism or research, naming the author and title and linking back to the original page.
• Link to our pages in any context, including commercial.
• Use the material in your organisation’s internal training, unmodified and with attribution kept.

What requires our written permission

• Reproducing an item in full or in substantial part, on any medium.
• Translating, adapting or creating derivative works.
• Republishing in publications, courses or commercial products.
• Bulk automated extraction of content to build a database or for resale.

Requests go to [email protected] and are usually answered within a few working days. Indexing by search engines and conversational assistants is permitted.

Academic papers and guides deposited in public archives (for example Zenodo) are governed by the licence stated in each deposit, which prevails over this section for that item.

7. Third-party trade marks and material

The names, logos and trade marks of other organisations appear on this site solely for identification and remain the property of their owners. Their presence implies no affiliation, endorsement or commercial relationship unless expressly stated. Screenshots of fraudulent pages are reproduced to document the phenomenon and do not suggest any involvement by the organisations whose identity was abused – they are themselves victims.

8. Links to other sites

The site contains links to external resources, offered for the reader’s convenience. We do not control their content and are not responsible for it, for their privacy practices or for their availability. A link is not an endorsement.

9. Reporting an error or a problem

• Content error, outdated information, indicator no longer relevant: write to [email protected] with the page address. We correct or update, and where the change is significant we note it in the item.
• Copyright infringement: send the same address the identification of the material, evidence of ownership and the page address on our site. We treat such requests as a priority.
• Security vulnerability found in the site: follow the responsible disclosure policy.

10. Changes

We reserve the right to amend this document. The applicable version is the one published on this page, with the version number and date in the header.

Version 2.0 · effective 17 September 2026 · replaces the version of 19 December 2023 · related documents: Privacy policy, Terms of use, Cookie policy, Responsible disclosure.